Francisco de Paula Santander is one of the most influential figures in Colombian history, often remembered as the “Man of Laws” for his role in shaping the country’s early legal and political systems. His journey from a young soldier to Vice President and later President of Gran Colombia is one filled with personal and political struggles, but also immense achievements that solidified his place in history.
Santander was born in April 2,1792 in the province Cúcuta, part of what is now modern-day Colombia. Raised in a modest, well-educated family, he displayed a sharp intellect from a young age. His early years were shaped by the political instability of the region, which was under Spanish colonial rule. These early experiences instilled in him a deep desire to see his country free from foreign domination.
Military Career and the Reconquest of New Granada
Santander’s military career began at the tender age of 18 when he joined the revolutionary forces in the fight for independence from Spain. His dedication and strategic mind quickly caught the attention of his superiors. Santander made a decisive contribution in the reconquest of New Granada (now Colombia and Venezuela), a turning point in the struggle for independence. He was instrumental in various battles, including the decisive Battle of Boyacá in 1819, which marked the end of Spanish rule in the region.
Presidency and Vice President of Gran Colombia
After the successful liberation of New Granada, Santander became Vice President of Gran Colombia under Simón Bolívar, highlighting their complementary roles—Bolívar as the charismatic battlefield leader and Santander as the methodical, law-oriented politician.
While Bolívar was President, he continued military campaigns in Ecuador and Peru, leaving the presidency to Santander. Santander managed a severe economic crisis, royalist sentiments, military logistics, and political reactivation. He supported the Cucutá Constitution and enacted reforms such as free trade and immigrant incentives. However, Bolívar reversed many of these reforms and resumed the presidency in 1826, often ruling by emergency decree.
Exile, Return, and 1st President of the Republic of the New Granada
The relationship between Bolívar and Santander eventually soured, leading to political conflict. Santander’s belief in a more democratic system clashed with Bolívar’s push for centralized power. This tension culminated in Santander’s exile in 1828, following an alleged involvement in a plot against Bolívar. After Bolívar’s death in 1830, Santander was allowed to return to Colombia, where he resumed his political career.
He was later elected as President, serving from 1832 to 1837. During this time, he focused on rebuilding the nation’s infrastructure, strengthening its legal institutions, and promoting public education, further solidifying his legacy as the “Man of Laws.”
Death and Legacy
Francisco de Paula Santander passed away on May 6, 1840, after falling gravely ill. His legacy lived on long after his death. His contributions to Colombia’s early legal system, as well as his commitment to education and governance, have made him a revered figure in the country’s history.
Santander on Banknotes
Santander’s legacy is immortalized not only in history books but also on Colombia’s currency. He is featured on the Colombian 500 Pesos Oro banknote. The obverse side of this banknote displays a portrait of General Francisco de Paula Santander, while the reverse side depicts the Casa de Moneda building in Bogotá. The design of this banknote honors his substantial contributions to Colombian independence and governance.
The Colombian 1 Peso Oro banknote features both Bolívar and Santander, symbolizing their collaborative efforts in the formation of Gran Colombia. The reverse side of the banknote displays a condor soaring above a waterfall and mountains, alongside a Liberty head bank seal.
These banknotes serve as a reminder of Santander’s enduring role in shaping Colombia’s identity. They honor both his legal contributions and his military service, recognizing the balance he brought to the country during its formative years.
